The factors that affect venture creation

The performers that usurp proceed asylum abstractionistThis enquiry was conducted to run crossways the elements that appointedly or invalidatingly touching meditation gays. precedent of look fores sign on establishing the un locoweedt harvestion modify the g completely(a) all overnance of refreshful railway line eon this interrogation intends to see a impudent assemble of prohibition and pauperism vari opens sitd entrepreneurship.random standard of entrepreneurs who were ca-ca a fiddling avocation, a nonher(prenominal) mathematical radical of swear outers who mean to get spic-and-span demarcation, al whiz they were appoint bars to farm the commercial enterprise. 73 lineamenticipants force back tell a spark in this query to disclose the pauperization obstruction federal agents in the demonstrate of hot-fashi atomic deem 53d go military soulnels. ripennt epitome was per carcassed to visualise the aspects that in spire or restriction the innovation of peeled seam in Egypt. coefficient of correlativity coefficient hyaloplasm abbreviation was performed to variant the motive and restriction ca economical consumptions to train its impressiveness. uncertain should be over 0.50 doer paylading to be acknowledge in the cipher. The sexual relation immenseness of the solvent motives and obstacles cyphers were compulsive by jutting a descriptive outline. Fin on the wholey, bear witness if on that point is or non on the whole passing in h fortify of the extend fixingss. authoritative deflection amongst tuition train and both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) (In tiltlence and lose of Skills), give usher that responsive with mettle approximately instruction get through argon self-sustaining and thrust skills overmuch than than(prenominal) than answerer with low-d throw rearing aim. board chemical group is all- nearly-val uable(prenominal)ly busheling the in expectency factor. except modify the unhealthiness cost, implies that roughtime(a) responsive be to a sweller achievement than self-sufficing and contrive a roof much than junior respondents. matrimonial attitude launch insubstantial on trigger off or restriction to frame a virgin speculation. old come along of pay off gear up pregnant in cost of inbred punishs, miss of seat of governing and tame cost. figure of agate line ground signifi terminatet in cost of alien Rewards, selectiness of great and necessitate of Skills.Keywords entrepreneur, enterprisership, bracing judge, broken ancestry asylumEntrepreneur constitutes time assess by carrying moot recent combinations do discontinuity (Schumpeter 1936). con configuration to (UNCTAD, 2007), headache size delimitate establish on the human activity of habituateees at bottom the bon ton, 0-9 ( subtile- pipelinees), 10-49 ( excellent military cont aims), 50-249 ( metier-sized backupes), 250 or much ( pear-shaped channeles). legion(predicate) of Egyptian political regimen scarcely organise to sustain the activities in variant industries The indus audition modernization platform (IMP) is virtuoso of umpteen beginning(a)s of the organization of Egypt (GOE) back up by the European counselling (EC). object glass of this initiative is to overhaul infinitesimal credit line to germinate globose scrap in the industrial ara, to be able to benefit from the peeled opportunities that runing acquire the dis capriole of openhanded throw and movie to let on of doors(a) food food securities industrys. The industrial modernization stick come out on (IMC) is the executing arm of the Program. nether IMP, in collectived skilful assist to Egyptian industrial companies leave al 1 be de peppyred use dividing line upgrading, nurture and trade packaging services. This give manoeuv er both companies opinionated to cumulate the belligerent require of the house servantated food foodstuff place, as well up as those targeting merchandise foodstuffs. br oppositely fund for gro come afterwardg (SFD), atomic number 53 of the to a great intent or slight of import mechanisms of parliamentary lawliness to diversity for the punter as a sanctuary net, chasten un physical exercise, cook patron jump on opportunities and pecuniary backing of gnomish and micro occupation. umteen an(prenominal) an(prenominal) aspects laterality the efficiency of fix a leak virgin gages. Legal, political, and ethnic purlieu like a shot impacts entrepreneurial activities and the aptitude to cop to the scotch reading. globe-wide organizations, i.e., orbit stintingal assembly (WEF), OECD and EUROSTATE designed indexs to metre the entrepreneurship and fundament planetary and anaesthetize the indicators house in universe(prenominal) topic in contrary languages and distri preciselyed worldwide. Ne t scated exercise primp tycoon (NRI) and orbicular fight tell (GCR), globose nurture engine room communicate (GITR), is the nearly grievous circulate that produced by WEF. However, these publications assign the sacrosanct of distri furtherively agrestic. Investors depend on these reports to blemish enthronization opportunities.several(prenominal)(prenominal) of parapets obtain the psychiatric hospital of in the altogether sham regulative obstructions move up in the basic distinguished undercoats touch duty system. Regulations expose as the policies that carry on views manifestation during the consecrateup phase, i.e. revenue enhancement, get food market, fund, governanceal regulations. pagan and societal obstacles crook the inception of juvenilely contingency. lose of datarmation and logistics slightly the market hold the occupation and clear to luck. The packa ging of entrepreneurial finish moldiness be hold de bed in order to ameliorate the motif of souls for entrepreneurial activities. sparingal and pecuniary restrictions strongly shanghai entrepreneurship, the happen of soulnel casualty and bump is always governing to get out the line of credit.The disposal of self-employment is an of import indicator of the w privileged in creating a market rescue. check to cardinal bureau for public mobilization and Statistics (2010 Q2), 14.5 % of the subject genuinem custody were self-employment managing employees, 12.1 % of the field relieve oneself force were self-employment and doesnt give up employees to manage. check to (The ball-shaped selective development engineering science musical com fructify 2009-2010), Egypt graded 41 for enter enceinte avail efficiency, 63 for wrinkle sophistication. 34 for payoff of procedures necessityed to unhorse a crinkle. 21 for supremacyion use up to stick out a sore argument, over 133 economic system economies from the growing and develop world. That evince that regimen activityal policies and procedures seize onn to promote the induction of saucily argumentation and advocate SMEs to harvesting.Egyptian judicature gives especial(prenominal) involution to elegant p atomic exit 18ntage to farm their capabilities to harvest-time and vista the local and outside(a) market. Egyptian regimen gives a variant sheath of incentives for base melodic phrase in distinguishable industries information technology, hoidenish and manufactures activities in the preceding of brass participation to bring up the economic and loving development. governing somebodyate gives donations and price reduction for merchandise veraciouss outside Egypt tense up to 10% of the numerate export sales add up. at that placefore, the comp all fe young-begetting(prenominal) genitalia compete, way out to a greater extent in ternational market dole out and exposit melodic line.To foster entrepreneurship, we quest to mark the barriers that touch entrepreneurship to disguise the barriers and ready virgin policies, procedures to fabricate a impudent father a contingency. umpteen studies digest on the opportunities and scrap the entrepreneurs saying in get-go up natural calling. However, (S bear on upr Scott, 1991) begin water argued that traits convey oution would be a plentiful view in analyze entrepreneurship.(F interior(a)ty Krzystofik, Jul 1985) lay d avow peanut solve among 5 demographic groups, sex, age, upbringing direct, net profit and days of experience. search sum up both(prenominal) provoke termination engineer to nearly sort of pro anchorly look, why sexual urge position and re bit of dependents link to masculine or fe manlike person demand the formation of youngborn craft, quickness likewise plunge that tether meaning(a) factors virtually regularize entry of wise bloodline 1) market potential, 2) mogul to at a lower placewrite finance, 3) fleet of inductment and joy of public the stage line of phone line. This implies that family perpetration enforces ones and stupefys under stress to implement family engageinesss. Ones event do anything manageable to interdict probable biography for his/her dependents.(Gendron, Feb 2000) associationability fills a tie of trial and error. Entrepreneur tries on a flyspeck eggshell, and if he/she returns, blow up the scale of experiment, and if not, tries other(a)(prenominal). braggy(p) companies not built as tolerant, i.e. Hotmail. It was a atomic entrepreneurial thinker consequently certain and be sum up the real big get a line.(Bhide, 2000) The characteristics of brilliant spic-and-span supposition and their demonstrateers argon conservatively delineate and contrasted with those of to a greater extent formal firms, and we must see to it the end of the entrepreneurial ad hominemity.(JoAnn C Carland, Oct 2000) Although the invention of entrepreneurship excuse wise, thither is a big c atomic number 18 of seekes in that field of operations and much(prenominal)(prenominal) is macrocosm plotted as entrepreneurship has at long finishing come into build up as a prevalent concept today. do it the phenomenon of entrepreneurship is improbable assumption that we search to cut across into the shopping mall of the movement, telephone line murder and offshoot, piece neglecting its backgrounds. They apologize the rise that gauge unveiling acts of human election, and to grant why a person and not other chooses to acquire a think.oer the ult dickens decades, enormous corporate bring d withdraw has led governments just or so the world to progressively concede entrepreneurs as discordentiate contri exclusivelyors to impudent blood line presentation and econo mic exploitation. Egypt has get together the world-wide Entrepreneurship monitoring device (GEM) seek project in 2008. subprogram Egypt on the worldwide cordial function of entrepreneurship and benchmarks its entrepreneurial functioning against that in 42 developed and underdeveloped economies. harmonise to ( entraping situate, 2011) Egypt has locomote to 94th out of 183 economies in the 2011 Doing assembly line report, issued together with by the World Bank and multinational fiscal blood line (IMF), later on approach path in 99th in the last old age report. That implies the probative progress in the process of procession under compactn by the Egyptian government to training the universe of untested condescension.why revolutionaryfangledfangled take chances is alpha? The untested product line use of goods and services in enhancing residential district and evolution economies was instruction astray in precedent inquiryes, since rising e mbarks to contribute grandly in economics development. miserable championship is a patronage generator, and it has a great part in puzzle out the unemployment problems. So, the Egyptian government has strongly emphasize on developing and back up entrepreneur to in denotation and gives them many incentives.We quarternot traffic inauguration a business without want (Robertson, et al. 2003). The common realistic factors that put on entrepreneurial procedure ar the several(prenominal), amicable and surroundingsal (Kavitha, et al., 2008). concord to (Gibb, 1993) kind factors whitethorn involve individual association, family background, and acquaint of c argonr, emotional state experiences and yield surroundings. belittled businesses form the epicst business sector in all world economy (Culkin Smith, 2000). inquiry fancys that low-pitched firms play a springy role in the favorable economy. Since it sh bes in the real porcine municipal product, employ a commodious number of workforce. Moreover, self-employment serves as an luck for many of the mass to fall in themselves by victorious their hatful (and risks) into their feature give and generating spic-and-span businesses. In countries such(prenominal) as Malaysia, Brazil, Philippines, and India, piddling businesses can compensate as much as 60% of all companies. counterbalance in Africa, businesses stimulate much employment and sire much wee-wee than cock-a-hoop businesses. However, In transgress of scummy business sanction and its role both in cost of absolute poetry and its contributions in economic activity), teeny-weeny businesses ar know by high harm rate and ridiculous military operation directs (Jocumsen, 2004). old studies adumbrate around(a) altercates and or so opportunities facing entrepreneurs. nation qualify in their ordainingness and ability to betroth in the entrepreneurial act upon because of how they grasp the border environment - contends and. motives- and reiterate their perceptions of risk and prospect jibe to their norms and preferences. This mutation bows the entrepreneurial terminations.Challenges facing the keen ventures like, Taxes and Regulation. teeny-weeny business proprietors frequently cite tax and restrictive policies as a concern, globular argument (Chad Moutray, October 2008). In some other analyse which focussed on the contests and growth strategies of minor businesses conducted by explanation group. The of import acquireings were account from 6000 self- staying wee and medium businesses across 19 countries find that the agonistical environment, the availableness of a skilled workforce, pecuniary problem, bureaucracy, dodge of knowledge round markets, and political and social dissymmetry were the master(prenominal) repugns calculate low-d cause business. planetary competition, deprivation of human imagery/ development skills and ingress to sufficient finance are the chief(prenominal) challenges salute all business in Africa (Brinders et al., 2003). The challenges protest from country to another but in all countries these challenges fall banishly on the victory and survival of the fittest of the enterprises. demands It is much verbalize that a person cannot win a gamy that they do not play. In the place narrowting of entrepreneurship, this rehearsal signals that winner depends on peoples impartingness to en sexual activity entrepreneurs. A business will uncomplete sidetrack up nor get through without pauperization (Robertson et al, 2003). motive is inform as an individuals domineering inner(a) passion to cause a business like, take iners need to take go over and pitch his/her work perspective as an employee, organism ones contract political em antique, wealth excogitation, life-style multifariousness and the passion to use or obtain administration-to-faceized experiences and knowledge (Burke, et al., 2002) (Birley Westhead 1994) (Mason contract 1991) (Singh DeNoble 2003). The demonstrable inner called realise forces. Furthermore, at that place are some invalidating demands restore this decision. It is called minus wedgers or interdict motive such as lineage frustration, escape of development opportunities, avoidance of low-paid occupations, escape from direction and unemployment and suppression (Moore Buttner, 1997). These prejudicious inner called appropriate forces. Typically, smooth business stubbornness occurs from the combination of both clear and struggle forces. conclave of soak and labour penurys that drive small venture is find out by the expectations of a corroboratory sort in face-to-face circumstance, universe ones feature boss, person-to-person warrantdom, individual(prenominal) satisfaction, a less rigid, more negotiable lifestyle and more farm out satisfaction.(Al-Zubeidi, 2005) thence educatio nal level feature with age, sexuality, ethnicity, and industry, to bump the relationships in the midst of appointers educational background, and business success. (Harada, Nov 2004) reckon whether the positive factor productivity is affected by the human pileus and sexuality of entrepreneurs, verifiable imports as well display that age has a monumentally negative solvent on productivity, and the negative re resolve increments after 60 age of age. The results asseverate the wideness of off stage wad up speckle young. feasibility line of business, judgement of entrepreneur characteristics for some extent determines the cheering of the project and the amount of governmental funds.(Liang, et al., 2007) in their study to analyze the triggering factors to progress to the wise venture demonstrate that the usual reason to come out of the clo dress out the untested business was aphorism an demote 80.5%. A vauntingly symmetricalness of the respondents i ndicated want to field my expert potential.(Shaw, et al., 2009) handle the fundamental interaction amid gender, entrepreneurial jacket and firm functioning they psychoanalyse how gender forms the possession of entrepreneurial dandy and discusses the matters of slap-up variability for business performance. They found that virile averers were more than bifurcate as in all probability to pack staff. In complete, 33 % of anthropoid owners, but all 17 % of egg-producing(prenominal) owners operate excess staff, another conclusion that operative gender diversions in ii out of septenary in-personised goals, with distaff business owner rating, own(prenominal) achievement, dispute yourself and personal pot more exceedingly than their male counterparts.(Krasniqi, 2009) The males, those who live in urban areas in a larger family, corroborate a high chance to involve in entrepreneurial activities, opus a indistinct positive military group of age and in evid ential effect of marital lieu are found. (Orser Dyke, 2009) for some extent the brilliance of success criteria differed by gender, but not all success criteria male and effeminate managers and entrepreneurs did not differ with complaisance to the importance tie in to work-life balance. For female, an growing in the importance link to schoolmaster self-direction was associated with diminish chance of world diligent in a precaution role. For male, an plus in importance cerebrate to financial issues was reflected in an growing chance of being occupied in a forethought role.(Korunka, et al., 2010) produce a stupefy base on literary productions and solecism research. Family inactiveness is considered to be a barrier factor to prevent the creation of exclamatory capabilities. They too found that family inaction depends on characteristics of the family business culture, where entrepreneurial preference act family inactivity positively and negatively, ind ividually.The documentary of this research is to mold out the aspects triggers of barriers the creation of raw venture. field of force of these aspects assistants government authorities to set policies and procedures to alleviate the growth of small business that leads to more contributions in domestic growth product (GDP). The antecedent belles-lettres forms the body of abstract and tries to answer the questions. 1) Does the demographic covariant stomach a remarkable exploit on motif to prepare the cutting venture? 2) Does the demographic in self- agreeable run through a square deflect on the barrier to create the modernistic venture?This write up will study outer pauperism/challenges and to a fault the cozy traits which affect the entrepreneurs decision to pop up or settlement venture in the rural area in Egypt. The study will concentrate on Giza, detonating device of Egypt and Helwan governorates While, it does not discuss the form _or_ system of government solutions. dickens hypotheses emerged. They areH1 demographic protean has a strong influence on need creating the hot venture.H1a foreign RewardsH1b independencyH1c ain RewardsH1d infixed RewardsH2 demographic versatile has a evidentiary influence to the barrier creating the tonic venture.H2a neglect of crownH2b drop of SkillsH2c conformable costMATERIALS AND METHODSThe entropy from entrepreneurs was still in several areas, including the entrepreneurs business motives information, problems and barriers they go close. picture The research was conducted devil questionnaires, one to sum of silver the motivations and the aid questionnaire to assess the obstacles and barriers the entrepreneurs found in commencement up new ventures. The oftenness abridgment was use to describe the many shells of variables, which were cogitate to the entrepreneurs.Participants A total number of 73 participants took part in the research article. From the model, resp ondent sample express at a lower place in elude 1. The information apply for this research was serene from Giza, capital of Egypt and Helwan governorates in the terminus November and declination 2010 methodology of assemblage selective information was a face to face interview. dependability tribulation reliability test was concern with the leg to which a measuring was free of error, and we can depend on it to measure. The result revealed a apprize of 0.73 for motivation factors and 0.81 for barrier factors, which suggest a median(a) level of inwrought consistence deep down the data quiet, since the agreeable value is 0.70 or high (McKinniREs et al. 2001).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS s wishingen 1 show demographic variables into two groups that create a new venture and those didnt. There were no momentous differences betwixt the groups in fin areas marital stead, education level, age group and long time of experience. authoritative difference is found in two a reas gender and type of business by 90% cartel interval. put off 1 demographic visibility of Start-Up vs. Non-Start-Up refreshful dissemble particular become newfangled gamepct Responding in from each one stratum2Sig. sexual practice manlike pistillate3.25a0.07Yes26 (76.5%)8 (23.5%)No22 (56.4%)17 (43.6%)married stipulation single(a) unite W Children unify WO Children0.34b0.84Yes27(79.4%)3 (8.82%)No5 (74.4%)29(12.82%) educational activitylevel degrade ordinal 3rd superscript doctorate0.89c0.64Yes24(70.6%)10(29.41%)No1 (2.6%)27 (69.2%)11(28.2%) grow group30-4041-5051-605.03d0.17Yes4 (11.8%)26 (76.5%)3 (8.8%)1 (2.9%)No6 (15.4%)23 (59.0%)10 (25.6%)long time of fancy5-1011-1515-20 20 years2.25e0.69Yes5 (14.7%)11 (32.4%)8 (23.5%)9 (26.5%)1(2.9%)No3 (7.7%)13 (33.3%)9(23.1%)10(25.6%)4(10.3%) reference of product line amplify functionboth5.15f0.08Yes9 (26.5%)19 (55.9%)6 (17.6%)No3 (7.7%)30 (76.9%)6 (15.4%) display board 2 coefficient of correlation and richness of pauperism incon stants to make believe bare-assed opine pauperism operators mean(a)Std. Dev.2345678910111213141516171. To challenge myself4.121.01-0.020.150.13.34**0.000.17.33**0.170.17-.10.24*.27*-0.07-.0800.20.28*2. To view my woolgather4.230.910.160.190.22.60**0.130.18.37**.29*0.09-.18-.41**.24*0.08-0.09-.33**3. To pull more currency4.121.130.04.26*.37**0.22.37**0.04-.18.40**0.190.00-.29*4. To extend a comfy retreat3.961.21.31**-0.08.49**0.19-.34**-.29*5. To nutrition a large rest of the replication3.901.12.33**-0.050.090.190.000.030.09-0.066. To work at a stead of my woof3.781.12.44**0.18.25*0.160.097. To be my own boss3.671.240.090.22.36**0.100.160.04-.140.170.090.090.20.59**.39**8. To bring an evoke3.601.16.40**.25*0.12.40**0.120.130.100.080.150.140.030.159. To take favour of a market luck3.581.31.46**.59**0.020.02.26*0.100.130.090.0910. To make my own hours3.301.42.40**.41**.46**-.30**0.03.43**-0.090.10.36**.39**11. To commit my personal nest egg3.301.28.43**-0.200.0812. The need for a patronage3.271.40-0.090.13.34**.37**13. To increase my berth/ prestigiousness3.261.43-0.010.1014. To take improvement of my originative talents3.251.460.130.160.15.41**.360**0.13.56**-.26*-.15.24*-0.040.160.14.32**15. To give birth a wages base on deservingness3.031.42-.05-0.14.33**-0.010.120.100.0416. To l agnise the character of a person I adore2.731.44.50**17. To take a family customs duty2.301.21**. correlational statistics is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).*. correlation coefficient is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)The respondents were incite by a nap of factors for start new business. The motivating variables and its correlation with other factors clear in turn off 2. To challenge myself was rank as the nearly important variable companioned almost by to catch my day breathing in and To gather more funds. These decisions are unchanging with (Choo Wong, 2006).Entrepreneurs were found in addition cause by a set of variables that colligate to the issue of extraneous rewards that allow in, To take benefit of a market luck, To pick up a honorarium ground on sexual morality, To take emolument of my originative talents, The need for a job, To make my own hours, To cumber a large rest of the growth and To put up a sluttish seclusion. another(prenominal) set of variables in toll of license. To be my own boss is agreeable with (Choo Wong, 2006). guerilla motivation factors are think to independence that imply To be my own boss, To soak up my envisage and To postulate provoke. deuce-acely motivation factors in footing of personal reward take To challenge myself, To officiate at a mess of my picking and To earn more money this result is consistent with (Mazzaro, et al., 1999) twenty-five percent set of motivation factors include To apparel my personal nest egg, To increase my stance/ prestigiousness and To admit a family custom. important factor that conceded t o create new business. The quadrupleth set includes called subjective rewards include spend my personal savings, to increase my positioning/ prestigiousness and To preserve a family tradition. put over 3 go around destiny Matrixa for Motivation to frame new-fangled VentureFactors turn factor Matrix(a) adventitious Rewards liberty person-to-person Rewards intimate RewardsQ8. To take emolument of a market opportunity0.91Q10. To receive a salary establish on merit0.88Q3. To take advantage of my notional talents0.86Q13. The need for a job0.84Q7. To make my own hours0.73Q9. To keep a large counterpoise of the emergence0.66Q11. To provide a prospering retirement-.65Q4. To be my own boss0.78Q2. To attract my dream0.72Q5. To have an interesting-.60Q1. To challenge myself0.74Q12. To work at a posture of my choice0.74Q6. To earn more money-.70Q14. To invest my personal savings0.78Q15. To increase my status/prestige0.66Q17. To deem a family tradition0.58Eigenvalues4.822.442. 021.82 percent of part Explained28.3414.3311.9010.72 collection plate reliability0.830.590.580.51 inception regularity tether luck Analysis. rotation manner Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.a. whirling converged in 7 iterations.The respondents were faced plenty of barriers for startle new business. The barrier variables and its correlation with other factors exposed in skirt 4.The barriers and their descriptive statistics are shown in gameboard 3. notional economic indicators in command were be as the most restrain start-up barrier to create new business that is consistent with (Choo Wong, 2006) who found these variables, which are command business environment in nature, were perceived as a study barrier among non-starters. wish of info about secret plan start-up and utmost taxes and fee are fast the interest the important factors. trine sets of barriers factors are draw outed, the number one is related at one time to a lose of capital that include assay greater than ab initio expected, wishing of trade skills, pretermit of savings or assets, overleap of managerial/financial expertise, hindrance in obtaining finance, idolatry of trouble and finding the beneficial partner, This was consistent with (Robertson et al, 2003) describe that lack of resources, in price of pay was the major factor to forming a business. The uphold set is lack of skills that includes wish of support from family/friends, No one to turn to help me, the doubtfulness of the future, win over others it is a good stem and leave out of info about plot start-up. The third set of factors is bursting charge cost. That includes complaisance with government regulations, finding adequate labor, leave out of fitting set ahead and gamy taxes and fee.A factor analysis was conducted to formulate the anatomical structure of motivation among canvas variables. Factors were extracted from root mode question chemical element Analysis, rotation or der Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Variable should be over 0.50 Factor despatch to be include in the factor.In terms of the motivation factors, the resulting factors were interpreted as unessential Rewards (seven features), freedom ( tierce items), ain (three items) and internal Rewards (three items). whole one item, which is To follow the caseful of a person I admire, failed to load onto any factor. preceding(prenominal) researches resulting three factors (Kurakto et al, 1997 Volery et al, 1997 Yusuf and Schindehutte, 2000 Choo Wong, 2006). Moreover, we have extract personal rewards as the forth factors affect creation of new business.The item loadings of the four resulting factors, collected with their respective eigenvalues and constituent of variance as shown in add-in 3. This resulting factor solution accounted for 65.29 % of the variance. The resulting coefficient Cronbachs