The General Consensus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The General Consensus - Essay Example Of importance to note is the fact that expressions such as Barrack Obama are known as proper names. Hornsby and Longworth, (2005), hold the view that proper names such as the aforementioned expression are generally regarded to be paradigmatic expressions of reference. Hence, this paper shall seek to answer the question as to why proper names are directly referential. By so doing, this paper shall delve into the mechanism of referencing. In a nutshell, this shall be approached from the standpoint of what do words of referring attach to individuals or objects. Furthermore, the paper shall seek to exhaust the relationship between meaning/sense and reference. Against this backdrop, some theories of proper names reference shall be used to provide a deeper insight into this topic. On the other hand, this paper shall also consider views which have been put forward by opponents in relation to reference. As it has been stated above, there is the general consensus that proper names are paradigmatic expressions of reference. This can be attributed to the fact that they tend to have a distinct attachment to things in the World. Perhaps one might wonder what really constitutes proper names in the first place. For the purposes of this research paper, proper names shall be used in the context of all that is commonly known as names. Expressions such as Barrack Obama, New York or Mount Kilimanjaro fall within the category of proper names. Yet still, one might wonder what is common among all the three expressions. In essence, do they form a genuine group of linguistic expressions? A closer look at all the three expressions reveals that they are indeed syntactic expressions which are simple. In this regard, they refer or part of them refers to specific individuals and objects. Hence, ‘Barrack Obama’ refers to a specific man; ‘New York’ refers to a given city while Mo unt Kilimanjaro refers to a specific mountain.

Family needs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Family needs - Assignment Example Successful communication helps meet the needs of the family of a sick individual Unfortunately, many studies indicate that families can satisfy their needs very seldom. The study of Ejaz et al shows that many families report about their negative interaction with nurses. The authors emphasize the importance of positive interaction and family satisfaction improvement: â€Å"with respect to direct care, families perceived significant improvements were needed when they had more negative interactions with staff† (Ejaz et al, 2002, p.1). Taking care of the families of sick individuals should be among the primary tasks of a nurse especially if a case is serious. According to Hardicre, â€Å"Caring for the families of critically ill patient is an essential component of a nurse’s role and a professional obligation† (Hardicre, 2003, p.1). Usually relatives want to be able to stay with a patient as much as it is possible, to be provided with all necessary conditions to feel comfortable taking care of their relative, to be able to ask questions and have support every time they need it. If technological improvements allow to meet all these needs, the attitude of nurses towards the relatives is usually far from ideal. Notwithstanding that taking care of relatives is among nurse’s responsibility, the attitude of nurses towards this issue is not studied well. Staying with their relative the members of the family can express negative emotions, which are caused by the serious case of their loved relative and by the fear to lose him/her. In this case the communication is very important as a nurse should find the right words to stabilize the emotional state of the relatives. Unfortunately, very often the words of a nurse do not provide any support, but on the contrary increase the stress. Nurses should not forget about their task to support the relatives instead of expressing negative emotions towards them. Nurse should be always available to help the members of

The Role Of Riots In The Eighteenth Century

The Role Of Riots In The Eighteenth Century During the 18th century, riots were a frequent occurrence all throughout England. Several of these riots occurred for different reasons, some that often occurred as a result of how things were like in this time period for much of the English people. As a result of these so called riots, it had a profound effect on the economy in the 18th century, and would wind up changing the way the economy was during the course of these riots. Rising food prices, various protests and actions taken are all causes as to why so many riots occurred in the 18th century, and how it would play a big role in regulating the economy at the time. All throughout the 18th century, the economy had suffered greatly from various different reasons. For one thing, food shortages were a major contributor to numerous riots in England during the 1700s. In Edward Palmer Thompsons book The Moral of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century, he states that a majority of the riots were known as rebellions of the belly. This means that a majority of rioting in the eighteenth century was a result of people in England that were upset and angry over food prices being too high. To further add on to this point, in the online journal entitled Food Riots In North-West England 1790-1801 by Alan Booth, the author illustrates how much of this part of England experienced food shortages during the 18th century. In the journal, it states how all food riots between 1795 and 1801 was a result of wheat and oat crops. The author writes this because during the time period in north-western England, food shortages were noticeable, especially when it came dow n to producing oats and wheat crops. This helps backup the point of how rising food shortages were eminent in certain parts of England, which would attribute to numerous riots that helped regulate the economy. The author continues to generate more by showing how when the wheat crops had failed, prices of the wheat increased dramatically, with the peak prices of wheat at the higest point in March 1796. When food became a commodity amongst English consumers And it was becoming more and more scarce, it didnt help the people more that the wages of food prices soared drastically, making it hard for people to purchase food. With food shortages and prices increasing, it finally lead to a series of riots that occurred as retaliation against food shortages. The author of the journal shows that most riots occurred during times of price increases in north-western england, also showing how several townships in the country recorded large riots in 1795 and 1796, all as a result of prices in food rising. This relates back to the main question of how riots changed the economy in the eighteetth century because when the time came and food shortages were eminent in the country of England and food prices soared through the roof, the people of England took it into their own hands to make their voices head by rioting and showing their displeasure with the food prices rising as a result of shortage of food. The prices of food had a profound effect on the English community. For example, the cost of grain increased significantly in the North-west part of England, with the price of grain doubling. The author writes how in the township of Wigan, the price of oats doubled from 3 shillings to a whopping 8 shillings during this time period of the eighteenth century, which was all a result of shortages of food. All throughout the north-west regions of England, different areas were getting hit hard with rising food prices, including Stockport and Chester. In Stockport, the prices of potatoes had almost doubled while in Chester, the prices of barley jumped up almost triple in size, selling for 8 shillings from the original cost of 3 shillings. As a result of all of this, riots were seen all around England, including the North-West region. With frequent food prices increasing, several mobs were formed, as seen in the same journal, when the author writes how a mob attacked several different grain houses by smashing the windows into rubble and also how other mobs destroyed local corn mills. All of these ties back with the central argument because it illustrates how rising food prices had a profound effect on those living in these townships during the eighteenth century. It also shows thoroughly how people took matters into their own hands and began attacking others due to frustration and anger in the English community. Another example as to how food shortages had an imminent effect on England can be found in John Leas web page called Crime and Protest in Eighteenth Century England. The author includes a brief but concise section on the bread riots in the eighteenth century, stating how bread riots were caused as a result of rising prices. The author adds on to this by stating that the rising food prices for bread was a hard impact on the poorer class, and that farmers would sell bread to the people when food was becoming more and more scarce and when food prices for bread would be at much higher prices, giving more money to the farmers. As a result of this, the author writes that riots had occurred as a form of having their voices heard. This relates back to the central question because it connects with how riots played an important part to the eighteenth century economy. All of these points on rising food prices relates back to the central argument of how riots had a role in regulating the economy because of what impact high food prices had on a majority of people in England. As seen in north-western England and other parts of England, it was a time of struggle that ended up in riots occurring all throughout the country. With high food prices in mind, similar protests and the formation of several different mobs in England would only add to the mix of how rioting in England played a role in regulating the economy. The eighteenth century was a time when things were going all wrong in the country of England. As mentioned previously, numerous types of foods were being raised in prices, which sparked several different riots as a result of it. Although rising food prices was a big contributor to riots, several other protests had been made that eventually lead to more and more riots spewing over the country of England. In John E. Archers book Social Unrest and Popular Protest in England 1780-1840, the author talks about different kinds of protests that had occurred in England, such as agricultural protests, industrial protests, political protests and policing protests. Prior to talking about each different type of protest, the author states that notable historians have mentioned that as a result of different protests, it lead to a working class forming in England. Right off the bat, the author illustrates how as a result of several protests it leads to a change in the economy. Further into the readi ng, the author continues to include information on several protests previously mentioned. One important protest that stands out is the agricultural protests, and the reason this is, is because of how much detail the author goes into explaining how these types of protests had a profound effect during the eighteenth century. The author talks about how farmers had a big role with agricultural protest, as the price of wages was being reduce drastically in several parts of England. The author adds on by saying that East Anglia was one of the highest wage regions in England and by the early nineteenth century, it was the lowest amongst all other wage regions, and this was a result because of no other alternative employment options at the time so prices were reduced drastically. This proved to become more and more of a situation because the labourers that worked on the farmland were no longer needed. As a result of this, multiple protests were made, which often lead to fences being destroy ed, threatening letters being released and more riots ensuing. All of this illustrates how agricultural protest was a process during the eighteenth century that took its toll on several labour workers that were earning money through farming. All of this ties back with how rioting regulated the economy because with more and more poor people showing frustration with either food shortages or different protests, it would make the economy go from one standpoint to another. During this time of agricultural and other protests, it sparked more outraged people in England. As previously stated, mobs were becoming more frequent within England. In Robert B. Shoemakers journal entitled The London Mob in the Early Eighteenth Century, the author illustrates how several people rioted by forming groups and destroying buildings and shouted out threats to others. Rioting in England was caused from several different reasons such as private and public affairs, with a majority of these riots being a resu lt of political and economical reasons. The author continues to write in the journal by stating that a majority of these rioters were of the middle or lower class sections in the English community. As a result of all the riots that were being held in the town of London, an act was created call The Riot Act of 1715, which was used to try and reduce the amounts of riots going on at the time. All of this relates back to the central question as to how riots had a role to play in the eighteenth century. All of these points connect to the central question because they all show the way different parts of England was at the time and how food prices being risen had a profound effect on the English people, sparking numerous riots in the country of England. Although riots had an imminent affect on changing the way the economy was, more and more actions were being taken to ensure that the economy would recover from all of this. With rising food prices, several protests being made and even mobs being formed, more people in the middle and lower class were growing more irate with all of the turmoil happening in this time period. Eventually, some actions were taken to try and help out a majority of people in England during the eighteenth century. Riots indeed had a significant effect on how it would regulate the economy in the eighteenth century. With food shortages occurring and multiple protests and mobs emerging, it was only a matter of time before several different actions were taken to try and ease this time of struggle. Firstly, when the food shortages occurred in England during the eighteenth century, much of the lower and middle class were affected. This point can be linked towards what Edward Palmer Thompson states in his book The Making of the English Working Class, which he states that several protests are results of rich people battling against poorer people. This point shows just how a majority of the struggle in the economy was a result of middle and lower class people protesting and rioting against those more well of then the rest. This point also illustrates how the majority of the English population would take matters into their own hands when several problems were seen such as the food prices being raised an d multiple riots occurring. When people in England saw prices were too high for food, they would fix the prices to make them much lower prior to the rise in food. In Andrew Charlesworths and Adrian Randalls journal called Morals, Markets and the English Crowd in 1766, they state that in a marketplace in a place called Cirencester, people grabbed a vast majority of food such as corn, cheese and other foods and had a big sale in the marketplace. This shows how the people of England took matters into their own hands and were selling foods at alot cheaper prices. In other parts of England, a majority of the food was selling for less than half price, which was benefitting the middle and lower class people. All of these points connect back as to how the economy would become regulated because the people of England were purchasing food for much cheaper prices instead of buying them for prices that were very high. Another point to add to how actions were taken is through the process of welfa re being created. The Speenhamland system was used as a welfare system for the middle and lower class people, which was used to gain foods such as bread and was gained through how much bread was priced at the time and the amount of children were in a family. This type of relief was a result of the rise in bread prices during the eighteenth century. During the 18th century, riots were a frequent occurrence all throughout England and would often cause problems all throughout the country. With a rise in food prices that destroyed the middle and lower class and various protests that affected a majority of people, actions were needed to turn the economy around in hopes of reducing the amount of turmoil seen in the eighteenth century. With riots being a common occurrence and mobs being formed as a result of this, England would eventually turn things around after a disastrous eighteen century, with hopes of stabilizing the economy once again.

Blood Diamonds: The Conflict in Sierra Leone Essay -- A Level Essays

Blood Diamonds: The Conflict in Sierra Leone History of Diamonds: The name "diamond" comes from the Greek word, "adamas" meaning unconquerable. Fittingly diamonds are made of pure carbon, and diamonds are the hardest natural substance known to man.[1] Diamonds have long been a sign of wealth and fortune. Kings and queens have worn these forms of concentrated carbon and even more countless millions people over time have lusted after them. These gems can be transparent, truculent white, yellow, green, blue, or brown. To understand the value of these stones, and ultimately their role in war, it helps to first understand their origins and where they come form. Diamonds are the most frequently used form capital by the rebels in Angola, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo use to purchase weapons. The earliest gem diamonds were found in India and Borneo, were they were found in riverbeds. In the early eighteenth century, deposits similar to those in India were found in Brazil. The story of diamonds in Africa began between December 1866 and February 1867, when a 15-year-old found a transparent stone on his father's farm, on the south bank of the Orange River. Within the next fifteen years, African diamond mines produced more diamonds than the India, the previous leading producer, had in the last 2,000 years. This increase in production occurred at the same time as the diamond mines in Brazil experiences a sharp decline in their production. The depletion of mines in Brazil assured that supply would remain stable and diamond prices would not fall as they previously had when Brazil over produced in the 1730s.[2] Diamonds are the pure form of carbon in a transparent state, that ... ...fer, Stefan. The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1993. Tamm, Ingrid J. Diamonds in Peace and War: Severing the Conflict-Diamond Connection. Cambridge: World Peace Foundation, 2002. Web Sources: Allafrica.com: www.allafrica.com Amnesty International: www.amnesty.org CNN: www.cnn.com De Beers: www.debeers.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] www.debeers.com [2] Kanfer, Stefan. The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World. [3] Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy [4] Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy [5] Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy [6] Tamm, Ingrid J. Diamonds in Peace and War: Severing the Conflict-Diamond Connection

The Use of Money as a Motivational Factor in the Workplace

Haohan Wu Vladimir V Kalugin PHIL 305 08. 19. 2012 The Use of money as a Motivational Factor in the Workplace Claim: This paper aims at proving that the use of money as a motivational factor in the work place is equitable to a bribe and should not be allowed. Explanation of the Claim: To start off, there is need to explain as to what motivation means and how money comes into the equation. According to Saddiqui, motivation is the act of giving another person the incentive or a reason to do something (1).That is, giving the individual the hope or support to carry out a particular act. Psychology Today quips that motivation is the desire to do something (2). As such, motivating is the act of creating the desire to do something in an individual. That is, propelling someone towards doing a particular thing as opposed to pushing an individual away. To further explain the aspect of motivation, Bizhelp (para. 1) explains the Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory of motivation, which has it tha t there are two types. First of all are the factors that motivate the individuals to continue working.These are the factors that make the people appreciate their job; hence they continue putting all their efforts at it. On the other hand, there are the factors, which prevent job satisfaction. These are not, in whichever way, related to the happiness of the individuals. Rather, they just remove the unhappiness from work; hence making the people work more comfortably. In other words, they are referred to as the hygiene factors. Business Plan Hut explains that there are many ways of motivating the employees and those monetary incentives are one of the many ways (para. ). With the concept of motivation well explained, there is the need to look at the definition and explanation of a bribe, so that a comparative analysis of the two can be carried out to show that monetary incentives and the bribe are one and the same. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, a bribe is â€Å"money or favor given or compromised in order to influence the judgment or conduct of a person in a position of trust, or something that serves to induce or influence† (1). By bringing these two definitions together, that is the efinition of motivation by money and that of a bribe, it can be seen why this essay takes that monetary motivation is equivalent to a bribe. It comes out quite clearly that money is a major factor in bribing, just as it is when used as a motivation factor. The above explanations bring about a controversial issue as pertains to the issue of using money as a motivational factor. It is, therefore, quite important to look at the issue in more detail so as to come up with a solid argument as to whether money should be used as a motivation factor or not.The argument will be largely based on the definitions given, and will rely on the understanding of the writer as pertains to the issue of money and motivation. These factors will be explained in detail in the followin g section of the argument. Reasons for the Claim Below are some of the reasons as to why this paper holds that monetary incentives should not be used as a motivation factor within the workplace: 1. From the definitions given above, it can be seen that a bribe is a monetary incentive given to an individual so as to sway his decision or act in a given manner.In other words, it is practically buying an individual so that he can act in a manner that is in accordance with the desire of the individual giving the bribe. The same happens when an individual is given an incentive as a motivation factor. It is aimed at making the individual feel kind of obliged to give a particular service or deliver given results so as to get the incentive. By any means, this is a bribe in disguise, and should not be allowed at all since it leads to the corruption of morals within the organization. 2. Monetary motivation can be seen as a form of manipulation of the employees.This is where they are put in a po sition where they have to fulfill a particular requirement so that they can have the incentive. Practically, it is the kind of analogy where the employee plays the dangling carrot with the employees. The employees feel or assume that they are working hard so as to get a specific reward, while in the real sense; the employer is playing his cards so as to make the employees work even harder for him. The monetary gain seems so enticing for the employees that they work so hard just to get it, while all the time, the employer gets the lion’s share. The trick works in the exact manner as a bribe.Give something little and get much in return. 3. Monetary incentives can ruin or corrupt the morals within an organization. This can be seen in the cases where the employees understand that they have to achieve something or hit specific standards so that they can get the reward that is promised to them. As such, they can go to whichever ends so as to reach these standards, due to their need for the money. This works the same way as a bribe does. When people are bribed in order to do something, they have to make sure that they use whichever means possible to arrive at the expected result.Whether the means are wrong or right. In other words, there is total disregard of transparency or the ethics code of conduct. 4. Lastly, there is the fact that monetary incentive as a motivation factor can plant conflicts and unnecessary or unhealthy competition amongst the employees. It is well known that different people are motivated by different factors just as they are gifted differently. As such, when the rewards are given in terms of cash, there is a high possibility that those who get the reward work hard and continue delivering the results while those who do not get the reward are de-motivated.This works out exactly like a bribe. Some people are favored and others are not. Rivalry comes in within the organization and the performance is hindered. This caps the reasons as to why monetary motivation should be avoided. Therefore, there is always the other side of the coin in everything. In this case, there is another argument as concerns the use of monetary motivation, which tries to indicate that it should be allowed. The reasons are as stated below. i. First of all, it is acceptable that there are many ways of achieving a set goal. The same applies in the work place.When there is the need to motivate the employees, there are various methods that can be applied. The use of monetary incentives is just one of them. Therefore, there should be no hullaballoo as to why the monetary motivation is not used. In fact, monetary incentives hit the charts as one of the most effective ways of motivating the employees to achieve the goals of the industry, which puts the organization on the right track to achieving its overall objectives (Anon. , 1). ii. Just like in any other setting, it is agreeable that there are always the positive and the negative sides of any given act.As such, there are the advantages and the disadvantages of using monetary incentives as a form of motivation. As such, there is no need to demonize the act and term it as a bribe. Otherwise, if this was to be taken as the standard in different arguments, then a lot of activities would be written off since there would be the dark side in every single of them. In this case, the focus should be on the positives and the negatives, and whichever wins carries the day. Monetary motivation should not be ruled out even before it has been tried. iii.It is well known that in the business setting, the ultimate goal is to make profits and be the most competitive. This does not come all that easily since there are various hurdles that have to be overcome. Just like in any field, there have to be ways of going about these hurdles. When it comes to the employees, motivation, nothing seems to work out better then the use of the monetary incentives. As such there is no reason as to why this shoul d not be employed in the business setting. iv. Lastly, it can be said that the main reason as to why people seek for employment is so that they can make money.This means that they work hard so that they can achieve this goal. As such, it can be seen that the main reason as to why they are motivated is what they get from the employment. As such, when monetary incentives are used as a motivation factor, they do not come in as a bribe. Rather, they just indicate to the employees that their hard work is all that matters. The more you work, the more you get. Simple and clear. Decision After looking at the reasons and the arguments presented above, this paper goes in favor of the claim. It, therefore, agrees that the use of monetary gains as a motivation factor should not be encouraged in the work place.It is equitable to a bribe, which is ethically and morally wrong. The reasons for taking this stand are well explained in the section that follows. Rebuttals i. While it is acceptable that there are many ways of motivating the employees, it is also important to look at the various outcomes of the different strategies that are applied. In this case, it has been proven that the use of money as a motivation factor has quite a lot of disadvantages that put the organization’s integrity at risk. As such, there is no reason as to why this method should be chosen while there are others that deliver the same result but at a much lower risk.Business entails making wise decisions, and using monetary motivation does not pay out in this case (Burns, 1). ii. As already explained above, being in business entails looking at the prevailing situation, analyzing the benefits and demerits of a given decision then making a decision from this analysis. This calls for a very practical and critical mind that cannot be deceived by the face value of a deal that seems to be so good. For this reason, it is agreeable that the use of money as a motivation factor has its advantages and disa dvantages. After weighing both, it appears that the disadvantages are more.Why, then, should an organization take the risk while there are other safer ways of getting the work done? iii. It is commonly said and known that two wrongs do not make a right. In the business sense, it cannot be denied that there are the hurdles that have to be overcome. But just because the hurdles are there, it does not mean that anything passes as long as it aims at dealing with the hurdles. Rather, the spirit of doing things right should apply in this case. The hurdles should be overcome in a manner that does not create more problems. The methods used should be very ethical and straight. v. It is true that the reason as to why people seek employment is so they can make more money and live more comfortable lives. It is also true that people who get into crooked deals such as corruption, vandalism and embezzlement of funds also do so in a bid to make more money and live good lives as well. As such, this cannot be used as the reason fro using money as an incentive. After all, human wants are insatiable and money cannot quench them all. Instead of providing a shortcut to making more money, organizations and businesses should focus more on doing this in the right manner.Works Cited Anonymous. Employee Morale. Business Community, 2012. Web, 24th July 2012, http://www. ehow. com/employee-morale/ Bizhelp. Motivation in the Workplace. Bizhelp24. com, July 21, 2012. Web, 24th July 2012, http://www. bizhelp24. com/personal/employment-and-personal-development/motivation-in-the-workplace. html Burns, Gabriel. The Disadvantages of Extrinsic Motivation. Ehow. com, 2012. Web, 24th July 2012, http://www. ehow. com/list_6534932_disadvantages-extrinsic-motivation. html Business Plan Hut. Motivating Employees. Businessplanhut. com, 2012. Web,

Customer Service Essay

1. The key concepts and topics in this course that have made me a stronger candidate to continue in the business world would be what I have learned from the units dealing with: Diversity, Customer Behavior, Customer Loyalty, and Exceptional Service: I have learned that customer comments, good or bad should always be taken into consideration, addressed and handled appropriately. Comments can provide insight to the thought process of the customer and it could help improve not only the customer service department but the product as well. The success of a company relies on the customer. Relationship Building and Solving Customer Problems: Satisfied customers will remain customers until there is a better option offered to them. Loyal customers establish an emotional connection with a business and/or company. Their loyalty is motivated by their experience with the products and the service. Customer service is what a company or business provides; customer loyalty is the result of the service. Extraordinary approaches to customer service is to go beyond the customer’s satisfaction, and make every attempt to surpass the customer’s expectations every time. A company earns customer loyalty by molding the shopping experience to the needs of the customer. Customers have a tendency to patronize companies that interactive with them in a positive, meaningful, personal manner. Many companies offer their customers loyalty programs such as; reward programs. This method can ensure a company keeps their current customer base and entices possible new customers. The Impact of Communication Styles on Customer Services:  A business cannot afford to lose customers because of a lack of customer service, but many do. Customers remember how they are treated and pass the word along, good or bad. Once a customer has been treated poorly they are likely not to return to buy from that business again, even if that business has what they need. When customers are satisfied, it is probable that they will spend more on the product or service and keep returning to that business. Customer service representatives (CSRs) play a big role in keeping, and bringing customers to a business. That is why it is essential to train customer service representatives in effective communications styles and skills because they are the liaison between the customer and the business. The CSR’s communication skills can impact the decision of a customer’s loyalty and the right communication style can be helpful in avoiding conflicts. Communication styles are methods in which a particular individual converses with another individual. Great service requires effective communication styles, and skills. Having a combination of these elements will guarantee that the right message is conveyed in a way that ensures the customer receives and understands it correctly and as intended. 2. Discuss how this course has affected you in your professional development as a student and as a person as well as encouraging you on your academic path. This was a very beneficial, educational and informative class. I have chosen the legal  field, more specifically, paralegal studies. I currently work for a bankruptcy law firm and I have learned a great deal since I have been employed there. I have 30 plus years work experience and a great work ethic. With what I have learned in this class, my work ethic, and common sense, I believe I will be successful as a paralegal. I have learned the importance of maintaining professionalism. This class has reinforced my desire to continue in the legal field and has helped me in interacting with clients, co-workers and the attorneys I currently work with. My skills in listening, communicating, observing and relationship building have improved by taking this class. I would recommend a class in customer service, regardless of the professional field one decides to enter into. I believe it would be very insightful and valuable.

A Review of James Joyces Novel Ulysses

A Review of James Joyce's Novel 'Ulysses' Ulysses by   James Joyce holds a very special place in the history of English literature. The novel is one of the greatest masterpieces of modernist literature. But, Ulysses is also sometimes seen as so experimental that it is completely unreadable. Ulysses records events in the lives of two central charactersLeopold Bloom and Stephen Dedaluson a single day in Dublin. With its depth and complexities, Ulysses completely changed our understanding of literature and language. is endlessly inventive, and labyrinthine in its construction. The novel is both a mythical adventure of the every day and a stunning portrait of internal psychological processesrendered through high art. Brilliant and sparkling, the novel is difficult to read but offers rewards tenfold the effort and attention that willing readers give it. Overview The novel is as difficult to summarize as it is difficult to read, but it has a remarkably simple story. Ulysses follows one day in Dublin in 1904tracing the paths of two characters: a middle-aged Jewish man by the name of Leopold Bloom and a young intellectual, Stephen Daedalus. Bloom goes through his day with the full awareness that his wife, Molly, is probably receiving her lover at their home (as part of an ongoing affair). He buys some liver, attends a funeral and, watches a young girl on a beach.Daedalus passes from a newspaper office, expounds a theory of Shakespeares Hamlet in a public library and visits a maternity wardwhere his journey becomes intertwined with Blooms, as he invites Bloom to go along with some of his companions on a drunken spree. They end up at a notorious brothel, where Daedalus suddenly becomes angry because he believes the ghost of his mother is visiting him. He uses his cane to knock out a light and gets into a fightonly to be knocked out himself. Bloom revives him and takes him back to his house, where they sit and talk, drinking coffee into the wee hours. In the final chapter, Bloom slips back into bed with his wife, Molly. We get a final monologue from her point of view. The string of words is famous, as it is entirely devoid of any punctuation. The words just flow as one long, full thought. Telling the Story Of course, the summary doesnt tell you a whole lot about what the book is really all about. The greatest strength of Ulysses is the manner in which it is told. Joyces startling stream-of-consciousness offers a unique perspective on the events of the day; we see the occurrences from the interior perspective of Bloom, Daedalus, and Molly. But Joyce also expands upon the concept of stream of consciousness.His work is an experiment, where he widely and wildly plays with narrative techniques. Some chapters concentrate on a phonic representation of its events; some are mock-historical; one chapter is told in epigrammatic form; another is laid out like a drama. In these flights of style, Joyce directs the story from numerous linguistic as well as psychological points of view.With his revolutionary style, Joyce shakes the foundations of literary realism. After all, arent there a multiplicity of ways to tell a story? Which way is the right way? Can we fix on any one truthful way to approach t he world? The Structure The literary experimentation is also wedded to a formal structure that is consciously linked to the mythical journey recounted in Homers Odyssey (Ulysses is the Roman name of that poems central character). The journey of the day is given a mythical resonance, as Joyce mapped the events of the novel to episodes that occur in the Odyssey.Ulysses is often published with a table of parallels between the novel and the classical poem; and, the scheme also offers insight into Joyces experimental use of the literary form, as well as some understanding of how much planning and concentration went into the construction of Ulysses.Intoxicating, powerful, often incredibly disconcerting,   Ulysses is probably the zenith of modernisms experimentation with what can be created through language. Ulysses is a tour de force by a truly great writer and a challenge for completeness in the understanding of language that few could match. The novel is Brilliant and taxing. But, Ulysses very much deserves i ts place in the pantheon of truly great works of art.

Photography Jimmy Nelsons Piece of Art

Photography Jimmy Nelsons Piece of Art Introduction The subject of this analytical paper is a photograph of a warrior from a tribe in East Africa, the Maasai, which photographer Jimmy Nelson took as part of his collection of photographs in the book, Before They Pass Away. The photograph, which features on the book’s cover, possesses certain features that make it stand out. This analysis reveals details on the features and it aims at creating a better understanding of the photograph.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Photography: Jimmy Nelson’s Piece of Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Photograph by Jimmy Nelson Subject The main theme in this photograph is culture. According to Nelson, the Maasai are part of the few tribes in the world that are quickly fading due to civilization and the increasing need for the world to form a global community (453). The author mentions uniqueness as one of the merits of maintaining a culture and he ex presses his fear that such singularity is quickly fading for most cultures around the world. Therefore, he undertook the task of highlighting some of the tribes that still exhibit unique cultural traits in every aspect of their lives including mode of dressing, language, food, and religion (Nelson 453). In the picture, the man’s attire, demeanor, and environment attract the audience’s immediate attention. Nelson’s description of the man in the picture as a warrior is evident from the tools he holds in his hands. The man clutches a spear in his left hand and a shield on his right. The long cloth wrapped around his body is also unique given that most people prefer modern clothing such as shirts and trousers to a plain sheet of cloth. The design in which the cloth falls around his body is intricate and attractive. Although the human figure forms the key feature in the photograph, the background, according to Nelson (454), forms part of the warrior’s culture and is thus relevant when conducting an analysis. He explains that the Maasai tribe is nomadic in nature and it often roams expansive lands in search of pasture (454). The expansive arid land that forms the background, thus serves to complete the picture and create a holistic view of the tribe’s cultural practices.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Medium A medium describes the material in which a work of art exists and materials that an artist uses in its creation. For instance, for paintings, the term medium refers to types of paint that artists use to generate their works as well as the surface on which they display such works. Some artists prefer oil paintings while others opt for acrylics (Kemp 56). The same principle of description applies to drawings, photographs, and other forms of art requiring description. The portrait that forms the subject of discu ssion currently exists in print in the author’s book and in softcopy over the Internet for easy access and better distribution to a global audience. The softcopy version allows audiences to print the image as part of their personal collection or store it as an e-file in their computer databases for future reference. The photograph is the result of a project that Nelson undertook in the year 2009 using a 45 field plate camera, which uses film to store images. His camera, which is more than fifty years old, generates images with a higher resolution since the image does not require resizing in order to increase its surface area during the printing process. Although the camera is not presently a common choice for professional photographers today, the few that appreciate its advantages brand it a valuable tool. For instance, the makers of the camera specifically designed it to solve depth of field problems using the Scheimplug principle. The camera’s features allow the fron t and the back to move accordingly to achieve the photographer’s desired position using shifting movements up, down, sideways, and tilting movements that go out of parallel. The use of this feature is evident in the photograph and notable in the depth difference between the foreground and background. It creates a realistic three-dimensional feel to the features in the portrait . Form In art, form is the part of a formal analysis that incorporates depth, width, and height as the result of interactions between lines, shapes, texture, color, space, and light among other elements. Although the piece of art in question for this analysis is not a painting or drawing, the same principles apply when conducting such analysis (Andrews and Langford 71). For instance, the horizon in the background forms a horizontal line that creates a sense of stability and calmness in the picture. It also draws the observer’s attention to the center of the portrait coupled with facilitating a v iew of every element that the photographer included in his masterpiece. The warrior, the rocks, and the trees under him create vertical linear movement that evokes a sense of depth in the portrait, which is necessary in three-dimensional images. The presence of light and darkness in different sections of the portraits generate texture (Gurney 44) and bring out the roughness in the shrubs and smoothness of the warrior’s skin and clothes.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Photography: Jimmy Nelson’s Piece of Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In art, color conveys various messages regardless of whether they come from the subject or the artist. One of the uses of color is drawing attention to certain aspects of the subject (Gurney 62). In this case, the warrior’s outfit and shield draw attention to him and separate him from the rest of the elements in the portrait. Red signifies boldness and b eauty, both of which form messages that Nelson wanted to convey. The â€Å"use of negative space in the photograph is indicative of the expansive environments† (Winters 29) in which the Maasai community lives in, while the harshness of the terrain brings out some of the hardships that the community faces. The fact that Nelson took the photograph in the community’s natural environment brings out a realistic perspective of the community’s culture through the photographer’s eyes. Content According to Jimmy Nelson, the photograph exhibits the culture of the Maasai community in their natural environment, without the interference of civilization. In his opinion, the culture of the Maasai community is one of the few left in the world that remains untainted by influences from other cultures or altered by civilization. In his book, Nelson notes that although the culture has managed to remain intact for centuries, the community might find it difficult to maintain t he status quo for much longer, thus igniting his need to document the present situation before such change occurs (453). In the book, some of the unique traits that the author noted from his short stay with the community include the mode of dressing the warrior showcases in the photograph, the nomadic way of life that the society ascribes to, strict adherence to religion, and traditional gender roles as well as a nomadic lifestyle involving survival on cattle. Historical context Jimmy Nelson took the photograph in November 2010 while on his three-year journey to document the cultures of vanishing tribes around the world that he considered unique and interesting. Nelson’s aim was to document the cultures before they changed due various reasons including increasing populations and the need to adopt practices common in civilization (Nelson 209). In the book, Nelson explains that the Maasai tribe is indigenous to East African countries of Kenya and Tanzania, and they practice a c ulture, which is passed on from one generation to another since the fifteenth century.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They live in remote areas away from towns and they practice a nomadic way of life. He states that the tribe depends on cattle for all its dietary needs through consumption of meat, milk, and sometimes blood (Nelson 455). Their attire entails sheets of cloth of different colors depending on the occasion, which are often bright. The men serve as the guardians and providers of the community while the women take on the role of homemakers. The community allows its male members to have as many wives as they can afford to support, thus creating a hierarchy for the wives in the homestead where the first wife holds the most power and control over the running of the home. Boys learn their role as warriors of the community from a young age while girls learn the art of kraal construction and home management from the women folk. The official rite of passage from childhood to adulthood involves circumcision for both genders (Nelson 460). However, the author notes that female circumcision is illeg al in both Kenya and Tanzania. Some of the elements of this culture visible in the portrait include the community’s mode of dressing, the environment in which they live in, and the role that male members play in society. Style The photograph exhibits a modern style with classical aspects owing to the equipment that the photographer chose for the project. This aspect creates a unique style that adds to the beauty and peculiar nature of the photograph, thus separating it from most modern works. The modern aspect of the photographs is visible in the composition, while the classical aspect is evident in the hues of the photograph. Andrews, Philip, and Michael Langford. Langford’s Starting Photography: The Guide to  Creating Great Images, Oxford: Focal Press, 2008. Print. Gurney, James. Color and Light: A Guide for the Realistic Painter, Kansas: Andrew McMeel Publishing, 2010. Print. Kemp, Linda. Simplifying Design and Color for Artists: Positive results using negative  painting techniques, Rohnert Park: North Light Books, 2013. Print. Nelson, Jimmy. Before They Pass Away, New York: teNeues Publishing, 2013. Print. Winters, Dan. Road to Seeing, San Francisco: New Riders, 2014. Print.

A Commitment to Strengthening the US Housing Market

While the subprime mortgage crisis and foreclosure crisis is shocking many Americans, the truth is that it has been looking at us for several years. The US government not only helps to solve this problem but also prevents future events by creating a control system that reminds us when the real estate market is overheating. This article outlines the steps the government can take to help people who need it. The U.S. government should establish a foreclosure relief fund (FRF) for individuals who faced foreclosure during the economic crisis. The mission of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is to provide everyone with a strong, sustainable, comprehensive community and quality affordable housing. HUD uses houses as a platform to strengthen the housing market, strengthen the economy, protect consumers, meet the demand for high-quality affordable rental housing, and improve the quality of life, without discrimination We will build a comprehensive and sustainable commun ity. Established in 1951, the National Credit Counseling Foundation (NFCCÂ ®) is the largest non-profit finance advisory body in the United States and offers the longest service period. The mission of the NFCC is to advance the national fiscal responsibility agenda and to build the capacity for its members to provide top quality financial education and advisory services. The Council for Certification (COA) is an international independent nonprofit human service certification body. Their mission is to cooperate with human service organizations around the world to improve service provision by developing, applying, and promoting certification standards. Reform and strengthen the federal midfield house. The government has reformed the use of the Residential Re-entry Center (RRC), often referred to as halfway dormitory, to provide housing to about 80% prisoners in the last month of federal judgment. The ownership and management of RRC has been fully privatized since the early 1980s, and BOP relies on a combination of commercial groups and nonprofit organizations. In November 2016, Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates announced a memorandum to instruct the BOP to use the purchasing power to thoroughly reform the individual market. In particular, this memo states that BOP sets clear and unified standards for all RRC providers, expands the collection and dissemination of RRC performance data, and is more efficient and efficient for federally re-entry services To explore alternate models that can produce market.

Strategic HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic HRM - Essay Example esearch for best practice and RBV perspectives especially when there are examples of firms such as Google that have successful employed these perspectives. However, it is concluded that the greater success of best-fit perspective does not mean best practices and RBV perspectives should be discarded as the two have important contribution to management efforts to improve organisational performance. According to Barney (1991), firms establish competitive advantage over the rest within a particular industry when they control heterogeneous resources including human resources. Further, such resources of the firm must not be perfectly mobile or transferable across the rest of competing firms in order to establish a long-lasting heterogeneity. Therefore, the RBV of a firm model argues that a firm that successfully creates sustainable competitive advantage over the rest in an industry is one that has unique resources and capabilities within the environment. To establish how a firm controls its resources, Barney (1991) established the VRIN model to account for valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable, non-Substitutable features of resources that a firm must control to establish its competitive advantage in an industry. Therefore, establishing competitive advantage based on these features of resources is perceived as the best approach for firms to enhance their performance and be ahead of others in the industry. While applying RBV of a firm to HRM Boxall and Purcell (2003) argues that firms adopting this framework will establish human resource advantage over the rest in the industry. For firms adopting this framework in their practices, the goal according to the authors is develop strategic capability in terms of strategic fit between resources and opportunities. Additionally, such firms must endeavour to ensure deployed resources generate benefit while recruitment and employment policies result in developing people with knowledge and skills essential in strategic thinking and

What Were the Consequences of the Enron Scandal Case Study

What Were the Consequences of the Enron Scandal - Case Study Example This case study represents a bold attempt to answer the question stated in the work's title: What Were the Consequences of the Enron Scandal? Enron, â€Å"a provider of products and services related to natural gas, electricity and communications to wholesale and retail costumers† represented one of the largest fraud scandals in history. As a result of the fraud investigations, the company was forced to file for bankruptcy in December 2001. While the bankruptcy of a small company is taken as a routine, Enron’s case is different as the company was ranked seventh by Fortune 500. During the 1990s, Enron expended quickly into several areas such as developing a power plant and a pipeline. This expansion, however, required large initial capital investments and long gestation period. By that time, Enron already raised a lot of debt funds from the market and hence any other attempt to raise funds would affect Enron’s credit rating. But Enron had to maintain the credit ranking at investment rate in order to continue business. On top of that, the company wasn’t making enough profits either, as it promised to investors. Hence, Enron began making partnerships and other special â€Å"arrangements† (Special Purpose Entity, or SPE). These companies were used to keep Enron’s debts and losses away from its balance sheets, therefore allowing it have a good credit rating and look good in front of the investors. Figure 1 How SPEs worked Adapted from Chary, VRK. (2004). Ethics in Accounting. Global Cases and Experiences. Punjagutta. The ICFAI University Pres., India, pg. 115 -$ millions- Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 Revenues 20,273 31,260 40,112 100,789 Total assets 22,552 29,350 33,381 65,503 Long Term Debt 6,254 7,357 7,151 8,550 Shareholder's Funds 5,618 7,048 9,570 11,470 Table 1 Enron's Financial Highlights Adapted from Chary, VR. ((2004). Ethics in Accounting. Global Cases and Experiences. Punjagutt., The ICFAI University Press. India. pg. 119 Enron's goal was to bypass the rules of consolidation and still increase credibility. If a parent company (in this case Enron) financed less than 97% of an initial investment in a SPE, it didn't have to consolidate in into its own accounts. If properly done, the legal isolation and the third party control over the SPE, reduce the risk of the credit. Therefore, off-balance sheet treatment of such a SPE involves enough third party equity. The third party's equity must be "at risk", otherwise the transferor would be required to consolidate the SPE into its own financial statements. Up to end of 2000, no one pointed fingers at Enron. For 2000, the corporation reported $101 billion revenue and the auditors gave a clean report. But, at this stage, Enron announced its intention that during the third quarter of 2001, it would book a loss of $1.01 billion and, at the same time, reducing shareholders' funds by $1.2 billion as a result of correcting accounting errors in the past. After a long trial, Andrew Fastow, the former Enron finance executive has been sentenced to six years in prison. Fastow pleaded guilty for fraud and money laundering in 2004 and also became the chief whiteness in the trial against Jeffrey Skilling and Ken Lay. His testimony helped convict Lay (who died in July 2006 after a heart-attack) and Skilling, who was sentenced to 24 years in jail. In May 2006, the latter was found guilty on 19 counts of conspiracy, fraud and inside trading over Enron scandal. Skilling was found to have orchestrated a series of deals and financial scheme which later

Annotated bibliographies for 3 journal articles Bibliography

Bibliographies for 3 journal articles - Annotated Bibliography Example Annotated bibliographies for 3 journal articles It is time that we take a look at some of the old social issues that still continue to plague us, in a completely new perspective, in order to solve the problem once and for all. This article by Castle gives us an insight into the world of ‘forced migration’ and the effects that it may have had on the social changes that we see around us today. Forced migration may arise from displacements owing to ongoing wars, environmental disasters, ‘failed states’, or, even from ‘developmental projects’, which causes displacement of many people (mainly the poor and ethnic people), and illegal trafficking of men for bonded labour, and women and child for sex exploitation. Such forced migration which had seen an upward surge after the end of the Cold War, has remarkably changed the social demographics of many countries (in the northern hemisphere) in the twentieth century. A large number of immigrating crowds have led to a complete change in the sociological conditions in those host countries. The author in the article explores the main reasons behind these sudden immigrations, which has causes such huge changes in the social demograp hics, in the northern part of the world. The article does a close review of the topic of social transformation that we are seeing today in this globalised world, and links it to the issue of forced migration, which had showed a sudden spurt after the end of Cold War in 1991, with the breakdown of the then USSR, resulting in the supreme reign of USA as the world power.

Myer Holdings Ltd. and Harvey Norman Holdings Ltd Essay

Myer Holdings Ltd. and Harvey Norman Holdings Ltd - Essay Example by comparing the ratios of both companies for the years 2011 and 2012 individually and among each other in order to arrive at recommendations regarding the best entity for making investments. Myer Holdings Limited is one of the largest department stores groups of Australia being in the fashion industry since last 100 years. However, Harvey Norman Holdings is involved in the sale and distribution of goods under Harvey Norman brands via different independent franchises. The paper also outlines the limitations in the ratio analysis of the financial statements of these Companies. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1 Ratios Analysis 5 1.1.1 Liquidity Ratios Analysis. 5 1.1.2 Leverage Ratios Analysis. 6 1.3 Recommendation and Conclusion 11 References 12 1.0 Introduction This report outlines the ratio analysis of the financial statements of Myer Holdings Limited and Harvey Norman Holdings Limited for the periods 2011 and 2012. The paper also highl ights the limitations of evaluations using ratios analysis. As outlined in the Harvey Norman corporate website the Harvey Norman Holdings Limited is involved in giving the franchise agreements to independent business entities for the supply of household and office equipments under the banner of Harvey Norman. It deals in a wide variety of goods and the business is spread over many geographical regions. (Harvey Norman Company 2008) As per the Myer holdings official website the company claims to be ‘Australia’s largest department store group, and a leader in Australian retailing’ involved in the management and running of departmental stores and retail business especially of fashion goods all over Australia. (Myer Holdings Company 2012) 1.1 Ratios Analysis Accounting ratios are calculated in a way that relationships between two or more figures of the financial statements are evaluated. In this part the ratios provided for Myer Holdings Limited and Harvey Norman Hold ings Limited for 2011 and 2012 are compared. 1.1.1 Liquidity Ratios Analysis. Liquidity is defined as the ability of a company to realize value in money. The liquidity ratios are used to evaluate the financial stability of a company in short term. (Kishore 2009, p.62). The following liquidity ratios are provided in the question: Myer Holdings Limited Harvey Norman Holdings Limited Key Ratios 2011 2012 2011 2012 Current Ratio 0.81 0.88 1.64 1.63 Quick Ratio 0.12 0.11 1.3 1.35 As per Kishore current ratios are defined as a measure of the short term solvency of a company. (Kishore 2009, p.62). It indicates the amount of current assets that are available to discharge every $1 of current liability. The current ratio of 1 or more shows that a company is in a solvent position indicating having enough assets to discharge its liabilities. As per the given ratios it is quite evident that the solvency position of Harvey Norman with a current ratio of 1.63 in 2012 is much better than that of My er Holdings with a current ratio of 0.88 in 2012. It can also be concluded that the solvency position of Myer Holdings Limited have improved by 0.07 from 2011’s 0.81 to 2012’s 0.88. As far as Harvey Norman Holdings is considered there is an extremely minor deterioration in the year 2012 by 0.01. Quick ratio is used to evaluate the ability of a company to discharge its current liabilities from the realization of quick assets (current assets – inventories). This ratio gives out the amount in $ of the quick assets available with the company to discharge current liabilities worth $1. (Kishore 2009, p.63). As evident from the given data, Harvey Norman Holdings Limited seems to be highly stable in this regard with a quick

Alternative Solutions Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alternative Solutions Analysis - Essay Example Following are three alternative solutions to the problem identified by the management and employees of Carriage Enterprises, Inc. A task force is in place and will meet to determine which solution will be implemented as the primary plan. Implementation of the plan will require management and direct reports to cooperate and accept the necessary changes for growth and productivity. The management at of Carriage Enterprises, Inc. would like to issue a formal apology to the candidates involved in the hiring misunderstanding. Management does however, understands that an executive management position requires the chosen candidate to possess certain expertise in place usually before the position is given. In this case, management and the chosen candidate both employed recognized that more training in various departments would be necessary, to maintain the position. Therefore, Aa management mentor will work very closely with the individual to strengthen those needednecessary skills in the areas of communication, incentives and public relations. This situation has afforded management provided the opportunity to make rightcorrect the wrong harm done to those employees directly affected by the decision. Our management team has put in place a contingency plan do due to this dilemma., The plan requires the person hired will have to commit to increased training that must be completed satisfactory within one year. This The new manager must also grasp andfully comprehend the strict guidelines required to maintain the position. The management team will also monitor the candidate's through performance on various tests to ensure this personhe/she can handle the upcoming required work schedule and responsibilities. One of theAnother ideas to solve the recent promotion problem at Carriage Enterprises, Inc. , is to promote the more qualified candidate and demote the less qualified candidate. Two key terms will guide the organizations' decision to accept or reject this alternative. These terms are identified and defined by Gomez-Mejia an d Balkin (2002) as decision quality (or the facts used to make a decision), and decision acceptance, which ""is based on people's feelings: decision acceptance happens when people who are affected by a decision like it."". In Tvalidating the quality of this decision, two factors are must be considered in determining whether this would be a sound basis for the decision. FThe first, is a fact based comparison of the qualifications of the two candidates should be made. Unfortunately, since an offer has already been tendered and accepted for the position, it would be risky for there is significant risk for the organization to admit they performedthat less than acceptablepoor quality research on the candidatewas performed prior to making the offer of employment. Secondly, a decision to demote an employee based on job performance is not only reasonable but accepted in the business worlda perfectly acceptable business practice. But Nevertheless, it is too early in this

Technological change and innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Technological change and innovation - Essay Example This article examines how organizations can help promote and leverage the use of technology and innovation. While it may be true that there is a proliferation of research and product development centers across the globe, these concentrate on optimizing technology which is readily accessible. Even those tagged as benchmarks of technological and innovative excellence, they are inclined to using the technologies that are domestically available within the region in which they operate (Hunt & Morgan, 1995). Its is not frequent to see that innovative activities synthesize distinctive knowledge around the world as potently as supply chains gather components from , raw materials, labor and services. In addition, the functional units which are accountable for innovation in majority of organizations are frequently poorly equipped to save on costs by availing knowledge from nonconventional, more cost-effective regions (Chesborough, 2003; Malecki, 1991). Despite this, there are exceptional organizations that have managed to establish innovative, integrated supply chain that are indeed global, permitting them to outperform their competitors through the prudent use of technological knowledge (Kotter & Heskett, 1992). They have been able to apply a process for innovating that goes beyond domestic clusters and national boundaries, becoming â€Å"metanational innovators†. This strategy of utilizing local technology, market intelligence, and capabilities has accorded them a potent contributor to competitive advantage: more, higher value innovation that is also more cost-efficient (Chesborough, 2003). To get a clearer understanding of the benefits of metanational technology and innovation, one may evaluate the war between Motorola Inc. and Nokia Corp. in the cellular phone arena. Motorola was an acknowledged pioneer in the industry, establishing a strong foundation through breakthrough research from Bell Laboratories. By using US technological

Alternative Solutions Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alternative Solutions Analysis - Essay Example Following are three alternative solutions to the problem identified by the management and employees of Carriage Enterprises, Inc. A task force is in place and will meet to determine which solution will be implemented as the primary plan. Implementation of the plan will require management and direct reports to cooperate and accept the necessary changes for growth and productivity. The management at of Carriage Enterprises, Inc. would like to issue a formal apology to the candidates involved in the hiring misunderstanding. Management does however, understands that an executive management position requires the chosen candidate to possess certain expertise in place usually before the position is given. In this case, management and the chosen candidate both employed recognized that more training in various departments would be necessary, to maintain the position. Therefore, Aa management mentor will work very closely with the individual to strengthen those needednecessary skills in the areas of communication, incentives and public relations. This situation has afforded management provided the opportunity to make rightcorrect the wrong harm done to those employees directly affected by the decision. Our management team has put in place a contingency plan do due to this dilemma., The plan requires the person hired will have to commit to increased training that must be completed satisfactory within one year. This The new manager must also grasp andfully comprehend the strict guidelines required to maintain the position. The management team will also monitor the candidate's through performance on various tests to ensure this personhe/she can handle the upcoming required work schedule and responsibilities. One of theAnother ideas to solve the recent promotion problem at Carriage Enterprises, Inc. , is to promote the more qualified candidate and demote the less qualified candidate. Two key terms will guide the organizations' decision to accept or reject this alternative. These terms are identified and defined by Gomez-Mejia an d Balkin (2002) as decision quality (or the facts used to make a decision), and decision acceptance, which ""is based on people's feelings: decision acceptance happens when people who are affected by a decision like it."". In Tvalidating the quality of this decision, two factors are must be considered in determining whether this would be a sound basis for the decision. FThe first, is a fact based comparison of the qualifications of the two candidates should be made. Unfortunately, since an offer has already been tendered and accepted for the position, it would be risky for there is significant risk for the organization to admit they performedthat less than acceptablepoor quality research on the candidatewas performed prior to making the offer of employment. Secondly, a decision to demote an employee based on job performance is not only reasonable but accepted in the business worlda perfectly acceptable business practice. But Nevertheless, it is too early in this

Business Ethics Reflection Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics Reflection Essay In any organization workers can face ethical dilemmas. On a daily basic people are posed with ethical dilemmas and have to decide to making the correct or the wrong choice. Some may not realize but we make ethical work choices at times and may not even realize it. For instance you are late to work and they have already been given a final warning. When we come in no one is there to notice that you are late. Do you get in and start working as if you were on time, or do you clock in where your time will be documented and recorded that you were late. This situation is one that my fellow coworkers face on daily basics. I have noticed that when posed with this ethical choice they choose to do what is correct for them, not necessarily what is correct by the organization. We may see if as covering our own behind, but it actually violates ones business ethics. What some may not realize is that business ethics and personal values mirror each other very closely. In business they ask the same as society, no lying, stealing or cheating. Take responsibility and do what is correct, make the correct decision. The only question is who do you make the correct decision for, you or the company. In that situation most have choose to look out for self. When it comes down to making ethical choices that may put one self at risk people chose themselves over the business. This is when personal values may come into play. To do correct by whom, yourself or the company that you work for? In most personal value one would say to always look out for self first. So in their book the decision to not let anyone know that they were late does just that. Moral concepts are very similar to values, its one innate ability to do what is correct with in. The same is with virtue, Virtue-based ethical theories place less emphasis on which rules people should follow and instead focus on helping people develop good character traits (Cline). There are many external pressures that could have influenced the decision to cover ones behind and not tell anyone that they were late such as the current economical status. If the country is not doing well economically and people find it hard to obtain a good job within a reasonable amount of time. Then one would defiantly choose to violate business ethics. Other external pressures could be their current financial state. People that are in better than average financial positions or are financially stable. I could continue to list other external situations that could affect a person’s ability to make what they may view as the correct business decision verse the best moral decision for one self. If placed in a similar situation I would choose to look out for self. When I reflect on my bringing and what I was taught I was always taught to do what is best for me and my family. Regardless of who may be affected, making sure that my family was always taken care of came first. Although it may not be the best choice for all involved, it is the best for me and mine. At the point that I am in life I make my decision very wisely. I first think about who is going to be affected by the choice that I make. If I would choose to tell that I was late and face being terminated and that would put my family at risk for some financial instability. I know that many choice that we are forced to make in our business life can be unethical when it comes to work. But in our personal life they are considered to be ethical as well as morally correct choices. When it comes to decisions they will never be what is best for all. All members in the party want to make the choice that is best for them. Virtue, value and moral concepts are what people choose to live by to help them guide them in their personal and professional lives.

The Purposes Of Different Types Of Organisations Commerce Essay

The Purposes Of Different Types Of Organisations Commerce Essay An organisation is a formal structure of relationships, responsibilities and authorities through which specific objectives are achieved. A work organisation is a social arrangement for the controlled performance of collective goals (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). Purposes of different types of Organisation: Business organisations: To make a profit in a socially standard way. For example: Airlines, Fast food. Non-profit service organisations: They want to help to all of people without any profit. For example: NHS, Universities. Mutual-benefit organisations: Individuals join together to pursue their own self-interest. For example: Clubs, Trade Union. Commonweal organisations: They provide service to all members of a given population. For example: Fire Service, Police. Organisations by their intended purpose: Purpose Primary beneficiary Examples Business Owners Manufacturers, Fast-food, Restaurants Non profit services Clients Universities, Hospitals Mutual-benefit Members Unions, Clubs Commonweal Public at large Police, Public schools Classifying Organizations: Sector classification: Private enterprise organisations: A private sector organisation is one that is owned and controlled by private individuals, not the government and usually exists to make a profit for its shareholders. Public sector organisations: A public sector organisation is one that is controlled by the government. It is called public because the government is responsible to the entire public. Commercial interest classification: Profit oriented: Profit-oriented means pricing strategies rely on setting a product or services price to attain a specific, programmed net profit percentage. Non-profit oriented: In the broadest sense, an organisation in which no part of any net earnings can grow for the benefit of any private shareholder or individual. Size oriented classification: Large scale: To access the large-scale data sources efficiently and automatically, it is necessary to classify these data sources into different domains and categories. Medium scale: The demands on an intensely-managed landscape need a regional landscape planning system, which balances the social economic needs with geo-biological conditions. Small scale: Title for firms of a certain size which fall below certain criteria in terms of annual income, number of employees, total value of assets. Formal and Informal Organization: The Formal organization is- Deliberately planned and created. Concerned with the co-ordination of activities, Hierarchically structured with stated objectives, the specification of tasks and defined relationships of authority and responsibility. The Informal organisation is- Is flexible and loosely structured, Relationships may be left undefined, Membership is spontaneous and with varying degrees of involvement. Describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders. [P2] Stakeholders: A shareholder is a  stakeholder  simply because he or she has spent money in a company. Therefore, those people remain for to see a good return on the investment. This may not only consist of the value of the stock increasing over time, but it may also include getting periodical dividend payments based on profitability. Organisational objectives: Objectives are defined as specific commitment to complete a measurable result within a given time frame. Importance of objectives: Targets, Measuring sticks, Commitment and Motivation. Characteristics of objectives: Organisational purpose and aims, Be realistic, Be measurable, Preferably be set by agreement, Set clear and challenging targets, Be open to adaptation, Form a network. Objectives of different Stakeholders: Owners: In a company it would be the shareholders. Owners are often thought to be the most important stakeholders because they have set up the business and give a lot of time into the company to make it successful. Owners like to see their share of profit increasing, and the value of their business increasing. Customers: Customers want superiority for money which involves providing the highest quality products at rival prices. Employees: Their stake is that the company provides them with am livelihood. They want security of employments, good rates of reward and also improvement opportunities. Suppliers: They want to feel valued by the company and want frequent orders with on time payments. Trade Unions: This is for groups of employees who seek to secure higher wages and better working conditions for their members. Governments: The government wants businesses to become successful, to create jobs and to pay taxes. Inducements and contribution of inside stakeholders: Stakeholders Contribution of the organisation Inducement to contribute Shareholders Money capital Dividends Managers Skills expertise Salaries, bonuses, status power Workforce Skills expertise Wages, bonuses, stable employment promotion Inducements contributions of outside stakeholders: Stakeholder Contribution to the organization Inducement to contribute Customers Revenue from purchase of goods and services Quality and price of goods and services Government High quality inputs Revenue from purchase of inputs Unions Free and fair collective bargaining Equitable share of inducements Community Social and economic infrastructure Revenue, taxes and employment General public Customer loyalty and reputation National pride Explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them. [P3] Responsibilities of an Organisation: Responsibilities are the most important thing in this topic. Because of an organisation have a plan. So, to success plan, they must be maintaining some responsibilities. The main aim of the research is to give a formal analysis of the relations between collective obligations to individual responsibilities. Which individual agent in a group should be held responsible if an obligation directed to the whole group is not fulfilled? To this aim, concepts from planning fiction (like plan and task allocation) and organization theory are used in order to conceptualize collective agency and the organizational structures. These concepts are formalized in a dynamic demonic logic framework, which allows us to study the connections between all these concepts. I give a formal account of the notion of coordination, power and controls intended as management of interdependencies among agents activities and show how these organizational relations together with specific task breakdown determine the responsibilities within an organization. For example: CSR (Corporate social responsibility) is an organizations moral responsibility to stakeholder groups that are affected directly or indirectly by the organizations actions. An organization can adopt a narrow or a broad stance on social responsibility. Strategies: Once clear targets have been identified, a set of strategies must be decided on to further the organisations efforts. Strategies are defined here as specific programs, initiatives, and decisions which will require resources allocated to them. They can range from the development of Strategies alliances to developing and conveyance special in-house training for customer service. These operating Strategies are usually very special given that the good plans are very clear and focused. Frequently, there may be some Strategies that are critical and yet dont get openly shared, particularly since they may be really sensitive and general knowledge of them would put you at a competitive weakness. The Strategies document the approach that will be used to meet the performance goals. They are generated by middle management and approved by top management. Every effort should be made to keep the Strategies up to date, without making major changes. Major change can also result in the termination of projects that are only partially completed and/or have not become totally effective. It should be apparent that many Strategies are generated by many different functions, supporting the business objectives. Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively. [P4] Economics: Economic is a social science that studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. That is, economic is the study of the trade-offs involved when choosing between alternate sets of decisions. (Lionel Robbins, 1935) The purpose of economic activity: It is openly said that the central purpose of economic activity is the production of goods and service to satisfy consumers needs want i.e. to meet people need for consumption both as a means of survival but also to meet their ever-growing demand for an improved lifestyle or standard of living. What goods and service to produce: Does the economic uses its resources to operate more hospitals or hotels? Do we make ipod Nanos or produce more coffee? How best to produce goods and service: What is the best use of our scarce resources of land labour and capital? Should school playing fields be sold off to provide more land for affordable housing? Who is to receive goods and service: What is the best method of distributing products or ensure the highest level of wants and needs are met? Who will get expensive hospital treatment-and who not? Economic Systems: An economic system is best described as a network of organisations used by a society to resolve the basic problem of what, how and for whom to produce. C:UsersKaisar HamidDesktopeconomicsystem.gif Categories of economic system: Traditional Economy: Where decision about what, how and for whom to produce are based on custom and tradition. Free market economy: Where households own resources and free markets allocate resources through the workings of the price mechanism. Planned or command economy:   In a planned or command system typically associated with a socialist or communist economic system. Mixed economy: In a mixed economy, some resources are owned by the public sector (government) and some resources are owned by the private sector. Sectors of production in the economy: Primary sector: This involves extraction of natural resources e.g. agriculture, forestry, fishing, quarrying, and mining. Secondary sector: This involves the production of goods in the economy, i.e. transforming materials produced by the primary sector e.g. manufacturing and the construction industry. Tertiary sector: the tertiary sector provided services such as banking, finance, insurance, retail, education and travel and tourism. Quaternary sector: The quaternary sector is involved with information processing e.g. education, research and development. Meaning of economic scarcity: Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem, in a world of limited resources. Society has insufficient productive resources to fulfil all human wants and needs. For example: Flowers such as tulips are scarce on occasion because they grow only at certain time of the year. When they supply of tulips is lower, they are scarce, or not always available. If enough people want tulips when none are available, then the demand increases. And this demand is high not because the price is high but because the supply is low. Criteria for Allocation: Appropriate means of resource allocation are necessary to achieve optimal allocation of the resource. There are several criteria used to compare of water allocation @owe aelt, 1986. Flexibility in the allocation of existing supplies, so that resource can be shifted from use to use, place, as demand change, thus allowing equating marginal values over many uses. Predictability of the allocation process, so that uncertainty (especially for transaction costs) is minimized. Equity of the allocation process should be perceived by the prospective users, providing equal opportunity gains from the resource to every potential user. Political and public acceptability, so that the allocation serves values and objectives of various segments in society. Allocate resources effectively: The business plan plays a key role in allocating resources throughout a business so that the objectives set in the plan can be met. Once you have reviewed our progress to date and identified our strategy for growth, our existing business plan may look dated and may no longer reflect our business position and future direction. When we are reviewing our business plan to cover the next stages, its important to be clear on how we will allocate our resources to make our strategy work. The allocation of scare resources: Allocation of scarce resources is a reality for health care professionals and organizations. Resource allocation issues can be particularly challenging for rural communities, where resources are not enough to meet all needs and fewer alternatives exist to resolve conflicts between competing needs. Flexibility Security Real opportunity cost Predictability Equity Political and public acceptability Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organisations and their activities. [P5] Fiscal policy: Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its levels of spending in order to monitor and influence a nations economy. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy with which a central bank influences a nations money supply. These two policies are used in various combinations in an effort to direct a countrys economic goals. How Fiscal policy works? Objectives of fiscal policy: To fund government spending To redistribute income and wealth more evenly A way of managing demand in the economy To influence the supply side of the economy To correct the negative externalities, such as pollution and passive smoking Effects of fiscal policy: Taxation and work incentives Taxation and pattern of demand Taxation and productivity Taxation and business investment decision What is monetary policy? The Federal Reserves actions that are designed to influence the availability cost of money. Such as changing the discount rate, altering bank reserve requirements, and conducting open market operations. In general, a policy to restrict monetary growth results in tightened credit conditions and, at least temporarily, higher rates of interest. Impact of monetary policy: Control inflation: The control of inflation has become one of the dominant objectives of government economic policy in many countries. Interest rates: The price of money. Interest is what you pay when you borrow money and what you are paid when you lend your money to someone else, like a bank. Business cycles: The term business cycle refers to economy-wide fluctuations in production or economic activity over a number of months or years. Spending: Money that has actually left the governments bank account and entered the economy. Employment: The act of giving someone a job. Fiscal Monetary policys activities: The role of government in the UK economy extends far beyond its activities as a regulator of specific industries. The government also manages the overall pace of economic activity, seeking to maintain high levels of employment and stable prices. It has two main tools for achieving these objectives: fiscal policy, through which it determines the appropriate level of taxes and spending; and monetary policy, through which it manages the supply of money. Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organisation. [P6]

Womens Rights :: essays research papers

Throughout the 1300à ·Ãƒâ€¢ to early 1700à ·Ãƒâ€¢, women fought for an education through literature and campaigns. However, the majority of men during the Renaissance era discredited the theory that claimed women could and should receive an education. As centuries advanced, the mainstream of menà ·Ãƒâ€¢ perspectives progressively shifted. During the early 1500à ·Ãƒâ€¢ to the mid 1500à ·Ãƒâ€¢ the opinions of men regarding this topic were very firm. For example, Castiglione, an intellectual man of royal blood strongly believed that women were capable of accomplishing the same things as men. He expressed his believes in court, in front of nobility. Castiglioneà ·Ãƒâ€¢ purpose was to inform the decision makers of the society that everyone needs an education regardless of sex. However, Erasmus, another man of nobility discredited the thought that women should receive an education through speeches and books. Erasmus had rigid ideas as did Louise Labe, a French Poet who demonstrated her opinions in a letter to a Pen Pal. She claims that women are surely competent enough to be educated. Clearly, the opinions regarding womenà ·Ãƒâ€¢ rights during this time period were all firm believes. Throughout the 1500à ·Ãƒâ€¢ to early 1600à ·Ãƒâ€¢, the views of the men and women of the European society drastically changed. The views were not as firm as they once had been and the ideas became much more Diverse. Martin Luther, writer of Table Talk, Distinctly declared that a womanà ·Ãƒâ€¢ body was built to stay at home while menà ·Ãƒâ€¢ stature was made for learning. Edmund Auger also discredited women by claiming that they could never facilitate a manà ·Ãƒâ€¢ job. Unlike those who simply stated that women shouldnà ·Ãƒâ€" receive an education, Theodore Agrippa D Aubigne thought women could learn, but it would not be wise for them to do so. Still, women like Marie Dentiere believed that women should learn to read and write so that they can express themselves when God speaks to them. Another royal man known as Roger Ascham, teacher and advisor of Queen Elizabeth I, seemed to think that only noble Women could learn. The perspectives during this time were certainly different fr om those of early years. During the later years of the 1600à ·Ãƒâ€¢ to early 1700à ·Ãƒâ€¢, the ideas regarding womenà ·Ãƒâ€¢ place in society change once again. The ideas during this time period were similar to those during the early 1500à ·Ãƒâ€¢ to mid 1500à ·Ãƒâ€¢. John Milton, a Priest was once heard at church preaching that only men need to be well educated for they are the back-bone of the family. Women's Rights :: essays research papers Throughout the 1300à ·Ãƒâ€¢ to early 1700à ·Ãƒâ€¢, women fought for an education through literature and campaigns. However, the majority of men during the Renaissance era discredited the theory that claimed women could and should receive an education. As centuries advanced, the mainstream of menà ·Ãƒâ€¢ perspectives progressively shifted. During the early 1500à ·Ãƒâ€¢ to the mid 1500à ·Ãƒâ€¢ the opinions of men regarding this topic were very firm. For example, Castiglione, an intellectual man of royal blood strongly believed that women were capable of accomplishing the same things as men. He expressed his believes in court, in front of nobility. Castiglioneà ·Ãƒâ€¢ purpose was to inform the decision makers of the society that everyone needs an education regardless of sex. However, Erasmus, another man of nobility discredited the thought that women should receive an education through speeches and books. Erasmus had rigid ideas as did Louise Labe, a French Poet who demonstrated her opinions in a letter to a Pen Pal. She claims that women are surely competent enough to be educated. Clearly, the opinions regarding womenà ·Ãƒâ€¢ rights during this time period were all firm believes. Throughout the 1500à ·Ãƒâ€¢ to early 1600à ·Ãƒâ€¢, the views of the men and women of the European society drastically changed. The views were not as firm as they once had been and the ideas became much more Diverse. Martin Luther, writer of Table Talk, Distinctly declared that a womanà ·Ãƒâ€¢ body was built to stay at home while menà ·Ãƒâ€¢ stature was made for learning. Edmund Auger also discredited women by claiming that they could never facilitate a manà ·Ãƒâ€¢ job. Unlike those who simply stated that women shouldnà ·Ãƒâ€" receive an education, Theodore Agrippa D Aubigne thought women could learn, but it would not be wise for them to do so. Still, women like Marie Dentiere believed that women should learn to read and write so that they can express themselves when God speaks to them. Another royal man known as Roger Ascham, teacher and advisor of Queen Elizabeth I, seemed to think that only noble Women could learn. The perspectives during this time were certainly different fr om those of early years. During the later years of the 1600à ·Ãƒâ€¢ to early 1700à ·Ãƒâ€¢, the ideas regarding womenà ·Ãƒâ€¢ place in society change once again. The ideas during this time period were similar to those during the early 1500à ·Ãƒâ€¢ to mid 1500à ·Ãƒâ€¢. John Milton, a Priest was once heard at church preaching that only men need to be well educated for they are the back-bone of the family.

The Food of the Gods Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

The Food of the Gods For over 2000 years, chocolate in its many forms has been enjoyed and its effects have been exalted. It was believed that the Mexican god Quetzalcoatl left the cocoa tree for the people. The Aztec emperor Montezuma is reported to have consumed 50 goblets of chocolate a day. It is called "the food of the gods," literally, as a translation of Theobroma Cacao, the cacao bean. (1). Such a title must imply that chocolate has some naturally occurring superior quality. Why else would we crave it so much more than other foods? For many people, nothing can take the place of chocolate when a craving hits. Chocolate and cocoa have very complex chemical properties and many components. Among the most researched components of chocolate which are thought to have an effect on craving and addiction are fat, theobromine, caffeine, and salsolinol. (2). Fat and sugar are substances naturally craved by the body, and thus although they may play a role in the allure of chocolate, they cannot be responsible for its appeal over other sweets. The caffeine in chocolate is sometimes implicated as part of its addictive properties. However, the amount of caffeine contained in one ounce of chocolate is about 5-35 milligrams, compared to the 140 milligrams found in a cup of brewed coffee. This does not discount the idea that caffeine plays a role in the appeal of chocolate, more likely it compounds the effect of other components. (3). Theobromine, similar to caffeine but present in larger amounts in chocolate, is less potent than caffeine yet still may retain stimulatory effects in large amounts of chocolate. Concentrations of theobromine vary in different chocolate products, and its effect on humans through chocolate has not... ...e.com/chocolate.htm 3) Does cocoa have caffeine in it?, International Cocoa Organization. http://www.icco.org/questions/caffeine.htm 4) Theobromine: Chocolate's Caffeine Cousin . http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/?once=true& 5) In vitro pharmacological activity of the tetrahydroisoquinoline salsolinol present in products from Theobroma cacao like cocoa and chocolate.. http://hub.elsevier.com/pii/S0378874100002919 6) Naloxone, an opiate blocker, reduces the consumption of sweet high-fat foods in obese and lean female binge eaters . http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/61/6/1206?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=drewnowski&searchid=QID_NOT_SET&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX= 7) Psychological and Physiological Characteristics of Sweet Food "Addiction". http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/40004278/ABSTRACT